Gani Computer Tips and Tricks

LAB PROGRAMS FOR B.TECH STUDENTS

2010-08-16T13:48:00.000+05:30

LAB SOFTWARES FOR ALL B.TECH STUDENTS

2010-08-16T13:38:00.001+05:30

How to Crimping UTP Cables STRAIGHT and CROSS CRIMPING

2009-12-07T20:30:00.000+05:30

CRIMPING: Crimping are Two Types: -

STRAIGHT CRIMPING.

CROSS CRIMPING.

1. Straight crimping: These are used in un-like devices.

Ex: hub to computer.

Crimping of wires from computer to hub: -

(straight crimping)

COMPUTER	HUB
ORANGE( T+)	ORANGE
ORANGE WHITE(T-)	ORANGE WHITE
BLUE(R+)	BLUE
BLUE WHITE	BLUE WHITE
BROWN	BROWN
BROWN WHITE (R-)	BROWN WHITE
GREEN	GREEN
GREEN WHITE	GREEN WHIT

The Order We Have To Follow While Crimping Computer to Hub

{ ( 1 – 1 ) , ( 2 – 2 ) , ( 3 – 3 ) , ( 4 – 4 ) ,

( 5 – 5 ) , ( 6 – 6 ) , ( 7 – 7 ) , ( 8 – 8 ) }.

· IN THIS CRIMPING 1 , 2 , 3 , 6 ARE WORKING WIRES

·{T = TRANSMEET AND R = RECEIVING}.

Cross crimping: These are used to connect hub to hub or computer to Computer

Crimping of wires from computer to computer

Computer1(or)hub1	Computer2(or)hub2
Orange ( t+)	Blue(r+)
orange white ( t-)	Brown white (r-)
Blue(r+)	Orange (t+)
Blue white	Blue white
Brown	Brown
Brown white( r-)	Orange white( t-)
Green	Green
Green white	Green white

The order we have to follow while crimping for computer 2 is

{ ( 1 – 3 ) , ( 2 – 6 ) , ( 3 – 1 ) , ( 4 – 4 )

( 5 – 5 ) , ( 6 – 2 ) , ( 7 – 7 ) , ( 8 – 8 ) }.

Note: I.S.O standard code for crimping is 586b

The order we have to follow is

{ ( 1 = OW ) , ( 2 = O ) , ( 3 = BW ) , ( 6 = B ) }

Difference between UTP and STP Cables

2009-12-07T19:16:00.000+05:30

Network Cable Types

Overview:

A network is defined as two or more computers linked together for the purpose of communicating and sharing information and other resources. Most networks are constructed around a cable connection that links the computers. This connection permits the computers to talk (and listen) through a wire.

Types of Networking Cables:

The three main types of networking cables are coaxial cable, twisted-pair cable and fiber optic cable.

Coaxial Cable:

Coaxial cable is made of two conductors that share the same axis; the center is a copper wire that is insulated by a plastic coating and then wrapped with an outer conductor (usually a wire braid). This outer conductor around the insulation serves as electrical shielding for the signal being carried by the inner conductor. A tough insulating plastic tube outside the outer conductor provides physical and electrical protection. At one time, coaxial cable was the most widely used network cabling. However, with improvements and the lower cost of twisted-pair cables, it has lost its popularity.

There are two types of coaxial cable.

ThickNet
ThinNet

ThickNet:

Thick Net is about .38 inches in diameter. This makes it a better conductor, and it can carry a signal about 1640 feet (500 meters) before signal strength begins to suffer. The disadvantage of ThickNet over ThinNet is that it is more difficult to work with. The ThickNet version is also known as standard Ethernet cable.

Thin Net:

Thin Net is the easiest to use. It is about .25 inches in diameter, making it flexible and easy to work with (it is similar to the material commonly used for cable TV). ThinNet can carry a signal about 605 feet (185 meters) before signal strength begins to suffer.

Name	Description	Type	Segment	Speed
10Base2	ThinNet	Coaxial	185 meters	10 Mbps
10Base5	ThickNet	Coaxial	500 meters	10 Mbps

Coaxial cable can only be used with a BNC (bayonet-Neill-Concelman) connector. The following image will show you a BNC connector.

Twisted-Pair Cable:

Twisted-pair cable consists of two insulated strands of copper wire twisted around each other to form a pair. One or more twisted pairs are used in a twisted-pair cable. The purpose of twisting the wires is to eliminate electrical interference from other wires and outside sources such as motors. Twisting the wires cancels any electrical noise from the adjacent pair. The more twists per linear foot, the greater the effect.

There are two types of twisted pair cable.

Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)

Shielded Twisted Pair (STP):

The only difference between STP and UTP is that STP has a foil or wire braid wrapped around the individual wires of the pairs. The shielding is designed to minimize EMI radiation and susceptibility to crosstalk. The STP cable uses a woven-copper braided jacket, which is a higher-quality, more protective jacket than UTP.

Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP):

As the name implies, "unshielded twisted pair" (UTP) cabling is twisted pair cabling that contains no shielding. UTP cables can be divided further into following categories:

Category1	Traditional telephone cable. Carries voice but not data
Category2	Certified UTP for data transmission of up to 4 megabits per second (Mbps). It has four twisted pairs
Category3	Certified UTP for data transmission of up to 10 Mbps. It has four twisted pairs
Category4	Certified UTP for data transmission of up to 16 Mbps. It has four twisted pairs
Category5	Certified for data transmission of up to 100 Mbps. It has four twisted pairs of copper wire
Category6	Offers transmission speeds up to 155 Mbps
Category7	Category 7 is a proposed standard that aims to support transmission at frequencies up to 600 MHz

Twisted-pair cable has several advantages over other types of cable (coaxial and fiberoptic): It is readily available, easy to install, and inexpensive. Among its disadvantages are its sensitivity to electromagnetic interference (EMI), its susceptibility to eavesdropping, its lack of support for communication at distances of greater than 100 feet, and its requirement of a hub (multiple network connection point) if it is to be used with more than two computers. Twisted pair cables use RJ45 connector.

Name	Description	Type	Segment	Speed
10BaseT	Common; being phased out for 100BaseT	UTP	.5 to 100 meters	10 Mbps
100BaseT	Common	Twisted-pair	.5 to 100 meters	100 Mbps

Fiberoptic Cable:

Fiberoptic cable is made of light-conducting glass or plastic fibers. It can carry data signals in the form of modulated pulses of light. The plastic-core cables are easier to install but do not carry signals as far as glass-core cables. Multiple fiber cores can be bundled in the center of the protective tubing.

When both material and installation costs are taken into account, fiberoptic cable can prove to be no more expensive than twisted-pair or coaxial cable. Fiber has some advantages over copper wire: It is immune to EMI and detection outside the cable and provides a reliable and secure transmission media. It also supports very high bandwidths (the amount of information the cable can carry), so it can handle thousands of times more data than twisted-pair or coaxial cable.Cable lengths can run from .25 to 2.0 kilometers depending on the fiberoptic cable and network. If you need to network multiple buildings, this should be the cable of choice. Fiberoptic cable systems require the use of fiber-compatible NICs.

Network Topologies BUS,STAR,RING,HYBRID,MESH

2009-12-07T08:10:00.000+05:30

NETWORK TOPOLOGY

Topology : It is a physical arrangement of the computer systems in a network or physical establishment of networks.

TYPES OF TOPOLOGY

BUS TOPOLOGY: Past.

STAR TOPOLOGY: Presently.

RING TOPOLOGY: Used For IBM.

HYBRID TOPOLOGY: It Is The Combination Of Any Two Topologies.

MESH TOPOLOGY: It Is The Combination Of All Types Of Topology.

BUS TOPOLOGY

1. BUS TOPOLOGY CABLES: -

In this topology we are using co – axial cable.

Ex: - star television cable.

Co – axial cables are of 2 types : -

Thin co–axial cable: - 0.25 inches thin, data transfer rate is (10 MBPS / 200 MBPS ).

Thick co–axial cable: - 0.50 inches thick, data transfer rate is (10 MBPS / 500 MBPS ).

2 CONNECTION IN BUS TOPOLOGY : -

NIC connector with BNC NIC: Network Interface Card. BNC: British Navigator Connector.

3 Architecture Of The Bus Topology : -

4 DIS – advantages of bus topology : -

Too much collusion is available due to traffic jam.

No security and permissions are available.

If in the network one computer is not working all computers will be collapsed.

Star Topology

Now a days in so many places we are using star topology

1. Star topology connectors : -

NIC card with rj-45 (removed jack) connector.

Rj-45 clip.

Central interface device: - ex: repeaters, hub and switches.

2. Star topology cables : -

UTP cable: It is a un-shielded twisted pair cable , which have 8 – wire

(4-pairs) cable

Data transfer speed is 100 mbps / 256 mbps.

The cable is twisted, to stop the cross linking and to flow the data in a straight line.

Twisted pair cables have some category:

Cat 1

cat 2

These are Tele-Phone wires, having two wires.

Cat 3

( 4 mbps)

cat 4

( 16mbps)

These are used in ring topology, these are called as S.T.P wires having 4 wires

Cat 5

( 100 mbps )

cat 6

( 256 mbps )

These are used in star topology, these are called as U.T.P wires having 8 wires.

RING TOPOLOGY

Used in IBM computers.
Uses S.T.P cables.
S.T.P cables have 4 wires {2 pairs}.
It is multi station access unit.
Based on token policy, token – 6 bit data address.
Data transmission speed is 4 mbps/16 mbps.

Hybrid topology

A network topology that uses two or more network Topolgy

The Physical Hybrid Topology

With the hybrid Topology, two or more topologies are combined to form a complete network. For example, a hybrid Topology could be the combination of a star and bus topology. These are also the most common in use.

Star-Bus

In a star-bus topology, several star topology networks are linked to a bus connection. In this topology, if a computer fails, it will not affect the rest of the network. However, if the central component, or hub, that attaches all computers in a star, fails, then you have big problems since no computer will be able to communicate.

Start-Ring

In the Star-Ring topology, the computers are connected to a central component as in a star network. These components, however, are wired to form a ring network.

Like the star-bus topology, if a single computer fails, it will not affect the rest of the network. By using token passing, each computer in a star-ring topology has an equal chance of communicating. This allows for greater network traffic between segments than in a star-bus topology.

The Physical Mesh Topology

In a Mesh Topology each computer is connected to every other computer by a separate cable. This configuration provides redundant paths through the new work, so if one computer blows up, you don't lose the network :) On a large scale, you can connect multiple LANs using mesh topology with leased telephone lines, Thicknet coaxial cable or fiber optic cable.

Again, the big advantage of this topology is its backup capabilities by providing multiple paths through the network.

Win XP run commands ,Run shortcuts 200

2009-12-06T08:56:00.000+05:30

Windows XP Run Command List

Accessibility Controls – access.cpl
Accessibility Wizard – accwiz
Add Hardware – Wizardhdwwiz.cpl
Add/Remove Programs – appwiz.cpl
Administrative Tools control – admintools
Adobe Acrobat (if installed) – acrobat
Adobe Designer (if installed)- acrodist
Adobe Distiller (if installed)- acrodist
Adobe ImageReady (if installed)- imageready
Adobe Photoshop (if installed)- photoshop
Automatic Updates – wuaucpl.cpl
Bluetooth Transfer Wizard -fsquirt
Calculator – calc
Certificate Manager –certmgr.msc
Character Map – charmap
Check Disk Utility – chkdsk
Clipboard Viewer – clipbrd
Command Prompt – cmd
Component Services – dcomcnfg
Computer Management – compmgmt.msc
Control Panel – control
Date and Time Properties – timedate.cpl
DDE Shares – ddeshare
Device Manager – devmgmt.msc
Direct X Control Panel (If Installed)- directx.cpl
Direct X Troubleshooter- dxdiag
Disk Cleanup Utility- cleanmgr
Disk Defragment- dfrg.msc
Disk Management- diskmgmt.msc
Disk Partition Manager- diskpart
Display Properties (w/Appearance Tab Preselected)- control color
Display Properties- control desktop
Display Properties- desk.cpl
Dr. Watson System Troubleshooting Utility- drwtsn32
Driver Verifier Utility- verifier
Event Viewer- eventvwr.msc
File Signature Verification Tool- sigverif
Files and Settings Transfer Tool- migwiz
Findfast- findfast.cpl
Firefox (if installed)- firefox
Folders Properties- control folders
Fonts- control fonts
Fonts Folder- fonts
Free Cell Card Game- freecell
Game Controllers- joy.cpl
Group Policy Editor (XP Prof)- gpedit.msc
Hearts Card Game- mshearts
Help and Support- helpctr
HyperTerminal- hypertrm
Iexpress Wizard- iexpress
Indexing Service- ciadv.msc
Internet Connection Wizard- icwconn1
Internet Explorer- iexplore
Internet Properties- inetcpl.cpl
Internet Setup Wizard- inetwiz
IP Configuration (Delete DNS Cache Contents)- ipconfig /flushdns
IP Configuration (Display Connection Configuration) – ipconfi/all
IP Configuration (Display DHCP Class ID)- ipconfig/showclassid
IP Configuration (Display DNS Cache Contents)- ipconfig /displaydns
IP Configuration (Modifies DHCP Class ID)- ipconfig /setclassid
IP Configuration (Release All Connections)- ipconfig /release
IP Configuration (Renew All Connections)- ipconfig /renew
IP Configuration(RefreshesDHCP&Re-RegistersDNS)-ipconfig/registerdns
Java Control Panel (If Installed)- javaws
Java Control Panel (If Installed)- jpicpl32.cpl
Keyboard Properties – control keyboard
Local Security Settings – secpol.msc
Local Users and Groups – lusrmgr.msc
Logs You Out Of Windows – logoff…..
Malicious Software Removal Tool – mrt
Microsoft Access (if installed) – access.cpl
Microsoft Chat – winchat
Microsoft Excel (if installed) – excel
Microsoft Frontpage (if installed)- frontpg
Microsoft Movie Maker – moviemk
Microsoft Paint – mspaint
Microsoft Powerpoint (if installed)- powerpnt
Microsoft Syncronization Tool – mobsync
Microsoft Word (if installed)- winword
Minesweeper Game – winmine
Mouse Properties – control mouse
Mouse Properties – main.cpl
Nero (if installed)- nero
Netmeeting – conf
Network Connections – control netconnections
Network Connections – ncpa.cpl
Network Setup Wizard – netsetup.cpl
Notepad – notepad
Nview Desktop Manager (If Installed)- nvtuicpl.cpl
Object Packager – packager
ODBC Data Source Administrator- odbccp32.cpl
On Screen Keyboard – osk
Opens AC3 Filter (If Installed) – ac3filter.cpl
Outlook Express – msimn
Paint – pbrush
Password Properties – password.cpl
Performance Monitor – perfmon.msc
Phone and Modem Options – telephon.cpl
Phone Dialer – dialer
Pinball Game – pinball
Power Configuration – powercfg.cpl
Printers and Faxes – control printers
Printers Folder – printers
Private Character Editor – eudcedit
Quicktime (If Installed)- QuickTime.cpl
Real Player (if installed)- realplay
Regional Settings – intl.cpl
Registry Editor – regedit
Registry Editor – regedit32
Remote Access Phonebook – rasphone
Remote Desktop – mstsc
Removable Storage – ntmsmgr.msc
Removable Storage Operator Requests – ntmsoprq.msc
Resultant Set of Policy (XP Prof) – rsop.msc
Scanners and Cameras – sticpl.cpl
Scheduled Tasks – control schedtasks
Security Center – wscui.cpl
Services – services.msc
Shared Folders – fsmgmt.msc
Shuts Down Windows – shutdown
Sounds and Audio – mmsys.cpl
Spider Solitare Card Game – spider
SQL Client Configuration – cliconfg
System Configuration Editor – sysedit
System Configuration Utility – msconfig
System File Checker Utility (Purge File Cache)- sfc /purgecache
System File Checker Utility (Return to Default Setting)- sfc /revert
System File Checker Utility (Scan Immediately)- sfc /scannow
System File Checker Utility (Scan On Every Boot) – sfc /scanboot
System File Checker Utility (Scan Once At Next Boot)- sfc /scanonce
System File Checker Utility (Set Cache Size to size x)-sfc/cachesize=x
System Information – msinfo32.
System Properties – sysdm.cpl
Task Manager – taskmgr
Task Manager – taskmgr
TCP Tester – tcptest
Telnet Client – telnet
Tweak UI (if installed) – tweakui
User Account Management- nusrmgr.cpl
Utility Manager – utilman
Windows Address Book – wab
Windows Address Book Import Utility – wabmig
Windows Backup Utility (if installed)- ntbackup
Windows Explorer – explorer
Windows Firewall- firewall.cpl
Windows Magnifier- magnify
Windows Management Infrastructure – wmimgmt.msc
Windows Media Player – wmplayer
Windows Messenger – msmsgs
Windows Picture Import Wizard (need camera connected)- wiaacmgr
Windows System Security Tool – syskey
Windows Update Launches – wupdmgr
Windows Version (to show which version of windows)- winver
Windows XP Tour Wizard – tourstart
Wordpad – write

How To Disable USB Removable Mass Storage Device Drive Access in Windows

2009-08-25T22:21:00.000+05:30

It’s possible to simply disable USB ports support in PC BIOS in order to prevent and forbid computer user from using USB removable flash drive or mass storage device (portable hard disk drive) to copy and transfer data and files. However, disabling USB ports totally also shutdown the ability for system to use USB based keyboard, mouse, webcam, printer, scanner and etc, which has become a common connectivity norm in modern computer.As a workaround, use the following registry hack to stop USB Mass Storage Device drivers from starting when the system boots up.
Run Registry Editor (regedit).
Navigate to the following registry key:
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\UsbStor
In the right pane, double click on the Start value name.
Change the value data to 4 to disable the removable USB mass storage device drive access.

To revert and re-enable the drive access for removable USB mass storage device driver, change back the value data for Start to its original default of 3.
The change will take effect immediately to block any USB mass storage device such as USB flash drive, USB key and portable harddisk from been used in the system, while still allowing hardware components to work properly via USB connection. The hack works in most Windows operating system such as Windows Vista, XP, Windows Server 2008, 2003 and 2000.
For user who dare not to modify the registry manually, simply download the following registration entries file to enable or disable the USB drive. Extract the downloaded content in .ZIP format, and then double click on the .REG file to open and apply or merge the registry values to system.
Download DisableUSBDrive.reg

Download EnableUSBDrive.reg
IntelliAdmin also has a free tool named USB Drive Disabler that automatically change the registry key value accordingly to enable or disable the USB drives on Windows 2000, 2003, 2008, XP and Vista system with just one click. In Windows Vista, the program has to be run as administrator.
Select Disable USB Drives or Enable USB Drivers and then click on Apply to set the registry setting accordingly.
Download IntelliAdmin USB Drive Disabler: DisableUSB_Free.exe

MODEM INSTALLATION IN LINUX

2009-07-29T18:57:00.001+05:30

#Red hat-config-network

Click new
Select modem connection
Forward
Probing for modem
Select modem (manually)
Dev/modem
Click forward
Select provider
Prefix area code phone number
91 040 112233
Provider name: - BSNL
Login name Password
Click forward
Select automatically obtain IP address setting.
Click forward
Click apply
Select modem
Click activate
Click YES
Click OK
After the modem Installation we want access Internet.
Right click desktop.
Open terminal.
#Kppp
Connect to popup open.
Select login name and password.
Click connect

PRINTER INSTALLATION IN LINUX

2009-07-29T18:52:00.000+05:30

Printer installation in graphical mode

Main menu

System settings

Printing

#Red hat-config-printer

Click new

Add a new print queue

Click forward

Queue name

Click forward

Select a queue type.

1. Locally connected.

2. Network cups (IPP)

3. Networked UNIX (LPD)

4. Networked windows (SMB)

5. Networked novel (NCP)

6. Networked jet direct.

Select locally connected

Select /dev/lpo

Click forward

Select printer manufacture and model.

Click forward (hp lacer 6l)

Click apply

Printer Installation in Text Mode

#Red hat-config-printer

Click new

Type Queue name and select Queue type.(Local printer device)

Click next

Select device path/dev/lpo

Click next

Select printer manufacture and model name

Click next

Click finish

NETWORK CONFIGURATION IN LINUX

2009-07-29T18:42:00.000+05:30

#Redhat-config-network

Start

Main menu

System settings

Network

Click new

Select LAN Ethernet connection

Click forward

Select statically set IP address

Type 192.168.100.5

Subnet mask

Type 255.255.255.0

Click forward

Click apply

Click active option

Select YES

Click OK

To check LAN card address

#IF config

LINUX FILE AND DIRECTORY PERMISSIONS

2009-07-29T18:15:00.000+05:30

There are two types of permission modes. They are 1.Symbolic mode.

2. Absolute mode.

Symbolic mode: - Read =R User =U

Write =W Groups =G

Execute =X Other =O

#Chmod G+W file name

#Chmod G-W file name (“-RW-R—R--)

[-Indicates file, RW-indicates users, R—indicates groups, R— others.

Screen graphical mode “CRLT+ALT+F7”

Absolute mode: -Read =4

Write =2

Execute =1

#Chmod 7 7 7filename

User group other

4+2+1 4+2+1 4+2+1

Linux files are setup so access to them is controlled. There are three types of access:

read
write
execute

Each file belongs to a specific user and group. Access to the files is controlled by user, group, and what is called other. The term, other, is used to refer to someone who is not the user (owner) of the file, nor is the person a member of the group the file belongs to. When talking about setting permissions for "other" users to use, it is commonly referred to as setting the world execute, read, or write bit since anyone in the world will be able to perform the operation if the permission is set in the other category.

File names and permission characters

File names can be up to 256 characters long with "-", "_", and "." characters along with letters and numbers.
When a long file listing is done, there are 10 characters that are shown on the left that indicate type and permissions of the file. File permissions are shown according to the following syntax example: drwerwerwe
There are a total of 10 characters in this example, as in all Linux files. The first character indicates the type of file, and the next three indicate read, write, and execute permission for each of the three user types, user, group and other. Since there are three types of permission for three users, there are a total of nine permission bits. The table below shows the syntax:

1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
File	User Permissions			Group Permissions			Other Permissions
Type	Read	Write	Execute	Read	Write	Execute	Read	Write	Execute
d	r	w	e	r	w	e	r	w	e

Character 1 is the type of file: - is ordinary, d is directory, l is link.
Characters 2-4 show owner permissions. Character 2 indicates read permission, character 3 indicates write permission, and character 4 indicates execute permission.
Characters 5-7 show group permissions. Character 5=read, 6=write, 7=execute
Characters 8-10 show permissions for all other users. Character 8=read, 9=write, 10=execute

There are 5 possible characters in the permission fields. They are:

r = read - This is only found in the read field.
w = write - This is only found in the write field.
x = execute - This is only found in the execute field.
s = setuid - This is only found in the execute field.
If there is a "-" in a particular location, there is no permission. This may be found in any field whether read, write, or execute field.

Examples

Type "ls -l" and a listing like the following is displayed:

total 10
drwxrwxrwx	4	george	team1	122	Dec 12 18:02	Projects
-rw-rw-rw-	1	george	team1	1873	Aug 23 08:34	test
-rw-rw-rw-	1	george	team1	1234	Sep 12 11:13	datafile

Which means the following:

Type and	# of	Files's	File's	Size in	Date of last	Filename
Permission field	Links	Owner	Group	Bytes	modification

drwxrwxrwx	4	george	team1	122	Dec 12 18:02	Projects

The fields are as follows:

Type field: The first character in the field indicates a file type of one of the following:
- d = directory
- l = symbolic link
- s = socket
- p = named pipe
- - = regular file
- c= character (unbuffered) device file special
- b=block (buffered) device file special
Permissions are explained above.
Links: The number of directory entries that refer to the file. In our example, there are four.
The file's owner in our example is George.
The group the file belongs to. In our example, the group is team1.
The size of the file in bytes
The last modification date. If the file is recent, the date and time is shown. If the file is not in the current year, the year is shown rather than time.
The name of the file.

Set User Identification Attribute

The file permissions bits include an execute permission bit for file owner, group and other. When the execute bit for the owner is set to "s" the set user ID bit is set. This causes any persons or processes that run the file to have access to system resources as though they are the owner of the file. When the execute bit for the group is set to "s", the set group ID bit is set and the user running the program is given access based on access permission for the group the file belongs to. The following command:

chmod +s myfile

sets the user ID bit on the file "myfile". The command:

chmod g+s myfile

sets the group ID bit on the file "myfile".

The listing below shows a listing of two files that have the group or user ID bit set.

-rws--x--x   1 root    root    14024 Sep  9 1999 chfn

-rwxr-sr-x   1 root   mail    12072 Aug 16 1999 lockfile

The files chfn and lockfile are located in the directory "/usr/bin". The "s" takes the place of the normal location of the execute bit in the file listings above. This special permission mode has no meaning unless the file has execute permission set for either the group or other as well. This means that in the case of the lockfile, if the other users (world execute) bit is not set with permission to execute, then the user ID bit set would be meaningless since only that same group could run the program anyhow. In both files, everyone can execute the binary. The first program, when run is executed as though the program is the root user. The second program is run as though the group "mail" is the user's group.

For system security reasons it is not a good idea to set many program's set user or group ID bits any more than necessary, since this can allow an unauthorized user privileges in sensitive system areas. If the program has a flaw that allows the user to break out of the intended use of the program, then the system can be compromised.

Directory Permissions

There are two special bits in the permissions field of directories. They are:

s - Set group ID
t - Save text attribute (sticky bit) - The user may delete or modify only those files in the directory that they own or have write permission for.

Save text attribute

The /tmp directory is typically world-writable and looks like this in a listing:

drwxrwxrwt   13 root     root         4096 Apr 15 08:05 tmp

Everyone can read, write, and access the directory. The "t'' indicates that only the user (and root, of course) that created a file in this directory can delete that file.

To set the sticky bit in a directory, do the following:

chmod +t data

This option should be used carefully. A possible alternative to this is

Create a directory in the user's home directory to which he or she can write temporary files.
Set the TMPDIR environment variable using each user's login script.
Programs using the tempnam(3) function will look for the TMPDIR variable and use it, instead of writing to the /tmp directory.

Directory Set Group ID

If the setgid bit on a directory entry is set, files in that directory will have the group ownership as the directory, instead of than the group of the user that created the file.

This attribute is helpful when several users need access to certain files. If the users work in a directory with the setgid attribute set then any files created in the directory by any of the users will have the permission of the group. For example, the administrator can create a group called spcprj and add the users Kathy and Mark to the group spcprj. The directory spcprjdir can be created with the set GID bit set and Kathy and Mark although in different primary groups can work in the directory and have full access to all files in that directory, but still not be able to access files in each other's primary group.

The following command will set the GID bit on a directory:

chmod g+s spcprjdir

The directory listing of the directory "spcprjdir":

drwxrwsr-x 2 kathy spcprj 1674 Sep 17 1999 spcprjdir

The "s'' in place of the execute bit in the group permissions causes all files written to the directory "spcprjdir" to belong to the group "spcprj" .

Examples

**Below are examples of making changes to permissions:**
chmod u+x myfile	Gives the user execute permission on myfile.
chmod +x myfile	Gives everyone execute permission on myfile.
chmod ugo+x myfile	Same as the above command, but specifically specifies user, group and other.
chmod 400 myfile	Gives the user read permission, and removes all other permission. These permissions are specified in octal, the first char is for the user, second for the group and the third is for other. The high bit (4) is for read access, the middle bit (2) os for write access, and the low bit (1) is for execute access.
chmod 764 myfile	Gives user full access, group read and write access, and other read access.
chmod 751 myfile	Gives user full access, group read and execute permission, and other, execute permission.
chmod +s myfile	Set the setuid bit.
chmod go=rx myfile	Remove read and execute permissions for the group and other.

**Below are examples of making changes to owner and group:**
chown mark test1	Changes the owner of the file test1 to the user Mark.
chgrp mark test1	Changes the file test1 to belong to the group "mark".

Note: Linux files were displayed with a default tab value of 8 in older Linux versions. That means that file names longer than 8 may not be displayed fully if you are using an old Linux distribution. There is an option associated with the ls command that solves this problem. It is "-T". Ex: "ls al -T 30" to make the tab length 30.

Umask Settings

The umask command is used to set and determine the default file creation permissions on the system. It is the octal complement of the desired file mode for the specific file type. Default permissions are:

777 - Executable files
666 - Text files

These defaults are set allowing all users to execute an executable file and not to execute a text file. The defaults allow all users can read and write the file.

The permission for the creation of new executable files is calculated by subtracting the umask value from the default permission value for the file type being created. An example for a text file is shown below with a umask value of 022:

        666 Default Permission for text file

    -022 Minus the umask value

   -----

     644 Allowed Permissions

Therefore the umask value is an expression of the permissions the user, group and world will not have as a default with regard to reading, writing, or executing the file. The umask value here means the group the file belongs to and users other than the owner will not be able to write to the file. In this case, when a new text file is created it will have a file permission value of 644, which means the owner can read and write the file, but members of the group the file belongs to, and all others can only read the file. A long directory listing of a file with these permissions set is shown below.

-rw-r--r--   1 root     workgrp          14233 Apr  24 10:32 textfile.txt

A example command to set the umask is:

umask 022

The most common umask setting is 022. The /etc/profile script is where the umask command is usually set for all users.

Red Hat Linux has a user and group ID creation scheme where there is a group for each user and only that user belongs to that group. If you use this scheme consistently you only need to use 002 for your umask value with normal users.

Linux Vi Editor commands

2009-07-29T10:00:00.000+05:30

VI Commands:

i		insert mode, (ESC to exit insert mode) allows text to be entered on the screen
a		Append to right mode
/word		Move to the occurrence of "word"
n		Locate the next occurance
w		Advance to the next word
e		Advance to the next end of a word
b		Move to the previous word
3b		Move backward 3 words
dd		delete line
3dd		delete 3 lines
D		Delete remainder of a line
dw		Delete word
x		Delete character
o		Open space for new line below the cursor line
O		Open a line above the cursor
CTRL-w		Move back a word in append mode
u		Undo last
U		Undo all changes to current line
.		In command mode, repeat the last text changing the command on the current line
:w newfilename		save the file to newfilename from the command mode
:wq		save and quit
:q!		quit without saving
r		replace then typa a character ot be replaced with r then return to break up a line
J		join 2 lines
s		substitute (sentence) typed text over a character, ESC when done
cw		change word
c		change part of a line from the cursor to the end of the line
cc		substitute new text for aline, ESC when done
h		move the cursor back one space
H		move the cursor to the highest line on the screen
L		move the cursor to the lowest line on the screen
M		position the cursor at the midpoint on the screen
G		last line in the file
0 (zero)		Move the cursor to the beginning of the line it is on
view filename		Open a file for viewing only
set number		Turn on line numbers
set nonumber		Turn off line numbers

Options:

number
autoindent (ai)		ctrl-d to move to the left
showmatch		match brackets and parenthesis
tabstop=4
wrapmargine(wm)		when line is wrapped (80-value)
:2 copy 4		Place a copy of line 2 after line 4.
:1,4		copy 7 (lines 1-4)
:n		Access the next file for editing

BASIC ELECTR0NICS

2009-07-26T19:11:00.000+05:30

Introduction of electronics: - It has a branch of engineering which deals with the flow of electrons charges and its reactions through a conductor that may be either a gas tube, vacuum tube

I) Element: - A matter composed only one kind of atom is called element

2) Matter: - A body which has a definite weight and which occupy some space is called matter. It has 3 states 1) Solid 2) Liquid 3) Gas.

3) Molecular: - A smallest particle of matter, which contains all physical and chemical properties that of matter is called molecular.

4) Atom: - A smallest particle of mater which can take part in chemical reaction and can separated by chemical reaction but has no free existence. Which contains protons, neutrons and electrons? Atom has two parts 1) Nuclear 2) Electrons around the orbit.

5) Atomic structure: - According to J.J. Thomson molecules is the smallest particle but after words they can be known for atom is the smallest particle.

6) Atom Contains: - Atom contains there are three smallest particles, which are: -

1) Protons: - It is '+' ve charge. Rooter Ford invents these protons. One proton is equal to 1/1840 electron. Protons are positive charge 1.

2) Neutron: - It is "0" charge. Chadwick invents these neutrons.

3) Electron: - It is '-' charge. J.J.Thomson invents this electron; Electron negative charge of 1.602*10 to the power of -19 C. Flow of electron is 6.28*10 to the power of 18 per second.

ELECTRICITY

1) Electricity: - It is a sort of energy that can be expressed we cannot see but we can feel of electricity can produced high heat motion attraction Repulsion etc. This electricity discovered by ampere.

2) Electronics: - The branch of science that deals with behaviors and application of electrons and other changes carriers is called electronic.

Electricity produced in 4 way's

1)Hydro electric

2) Thermo electric

3) Nuclear electric

4) Solar electricity

Electricity can generate by many ways we use very few methods.

Current: - The free flow of electrons is called current is measured by Ampere. Letter “I” donates it

The speed of electric current is 3*10 to the power of 8 m/sec

Current is mainly 2 types.

1) Ac - Alternating current

2) Dc - Direct current.

A.C: - The current whose magnitude and direction remains attempting at a definite rate is called AC current.

DC: - The current whose magnitude and direction remains constant is called DC current.

5) Voltage: - The pressure of required moving the electrons from one place to anther place is called voltage. The Voltage units are volts. ‘V’ donates it and its voltage checked by voltmeter.

6) Power: - The combination of voltage and current is called power, units of power waltz; it’s donated by 'P'. Therefore P=VI. Another formula: - The rate of change of work is called power.

Work done W

P = ----------------- = -----

Time T

These three means current voltage and power are called electricity

7) Frequency: - The number of cycle in one second in a medium is known as frequency it is donated by 'F. In 1965 an honors of German scientist Henrich Rudolph Hertz this units in changed in Hertz and donated by as HZ.

The relationship of HZ

1000 HZ = 1 Kilo HZ

1000 K HZ = 1 Mega HZ

1000 M HZ= 1 Gega HZ

8) Wave: - A periodic disturbances either continuous or transient that is propagation through a medium or through space or in which the displacement from a mean value is a function of time or position or both is known as was a complete wave makes an angle is 360 degrees.

Positive help cycle is known as maximum amplitude and Negative half cycle is known as minimum amplitude.

Mainly the frequency is two types: -

1) Low frequency

2) High frequency

1) Low frequency: - The frequency in which the maximum and minimum (Amplitude) of waves are low in comparison to the wavelength is known as low frequency.

2) High frequency: - The frequency in which the (Amplitude) maximum and minimum is more in compaction with the wavelength is known as high frequency.

ABBREVIATIONS FOR BASIC ELECTRONIC

2009-07-26T18:58:00.000+05:30

ü BJT = Bipolar Junction Transistor

ü UJT = Uni polar Junction Transistor

ü MOSFET = Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effective Transistor

ü NTC = Negative Temperature Coefficient

ü PTC = Positive Temperature Coefficient

ü LDR = Light Depending Resistor

ü VDR = Voltage Depending Resistor

ü Transformer is working AC condition

ü RADAR stands for Radio Angle Detection and Ranging

ü LASER stands for Light Amplification stimulated Emission and Radiation

ü BHT stands for Boost High tension Transformer

ü EHT stands for Extra High tension Transformer

ü VDU stands for Visual Display Unit

ü LCD stands for Liquid Crystal Display

ü TTL stands for Transistor and Transistor Logic

ü SCR stands for Silicon Control Rectifier

ü STR stands for Silicon Triggering Rectifier

ü STD stands for Subscribed Trunk Dialing

ü ISD stands for International Subscribed Dialing

ü VLF stands for Very Large Frequency

ü EHF stands for Extra High Frequency

ü IFT stands for Intermediate Frequency Transformer

ü Transformer is working Mutual Inductance Principle.

ü Coil is working Self Inductance Principle

ü Units of Power Watts

ü Units of Charge Coulombs

ü Units of Frequency Hertz’s (Hz)

ü Units of Current Amperes

ü Units of Voltage Volts

ü Units of Impedance Ohms

ü Units Resistance Ohms

ü Resistance is indicated by R letter

ü Units of Capacitance Farads

ü Units of Coil Henry

ü Units of EMF (Electro Motive Force) Volts

ü Units of MMF (Magnetic Motive Force) Ampere Turns

ü Units of Illumination Lax

ü Units of Luminous Intensity Candella

ü Units of Angular Frequency Radians

ü Units of Force Newton’s

ü Units of Temperature Degree Centigrade

ü Units of Heat Calories

ü Units of Sound Disables

ü Coil is represented by L letter.

ü AFC stands for Automatic Frequency Controller

ü BHT stands for Boost High-tension Transformer

ü FOT stands for Field Output Transformer

ü Driver Transformer is also called Chopper Transformer or 1:1 Transformer or Ration Transformer

ü Signal Diode is also called Point Contact Diode or Cat whisker Diode

ü LED stands for Light Emitting Diode.

ABBREVIATIONS

2009-07-26T18:49:00.000+05:30

v CMOS = Complementary metal oxide semiconductor

v BIOS = Basic Input and Output System

v SMART = Self Monitoring Analysis Reporting Technology

v SCSI = Small Computer System Interface

v DMA = Direct Memory Access

v MODEM = Modulation and Demodulation

v PCXT = Personnel Computer with extended Technology

v PCAT = Personnel Computer with Advance Technology

v ASPI = Advance Semi Programme Interface

v AVI = Audio Video Interface

v ADF = Adopter description File

v MCA = Micro channel Architecture

v ANSI = American National Standard Institute

v ASCII = American Standard Code for Information Interchange

v ATI = Application Programme Interface

v ARCNET = Attached Resources computer network

v AIR = Advanced Integrated Research

v BIX = Byte Information Exchange

v BNC = British Network Connector

v SVGA = Super Video Graphic Adopter

v ISA = Industry Standard Architecture

v AGP = Axilory Graphical Port

v ATM = Automatic Teller Machine

v UPS = Uninterrupted Power Supply

v EPROM = Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory

v EEPROM = Electrical Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory

v CGA = Color Graphical Adopter

v SIDE = Super Integrated Device Electronics

v PCI = Peripheral Component Interface

v ATAPI = Advanced Technology Attachment Package Interface

v VFAT = Virtual File Allocation Table

v CRO = Cathode Ray Oscilloscope

v CRT = Cathode Ray Tube

v DRAM = Dynamic Random Access Memory

v MSCDEX.EXE = Microsoft Compact Disk Executive Extension File

v UTP = Unshielded Twisted Pair Cable

v USB = Universal Series Bus

v IBM = International Business Machines

DEFINITIONS

2009-07-26T18:04:00.002+05:30

Ø Operating system : - It is an interface between the user and computer

Or hard-ware and software combined to gather is Known as o/s

Ø Transmit : - To send data from one system to other system is called

Transmit

Ø Bandwidth: - Data Transmission Speed Is Called As Bandwidth.

Ø Wins: - Windows Internet Naming Services.

Ø Repeaters: - doesn’t amplify the signals.

Ø Router: - it allows two connect to different networks.

Ø Nntp: - Network News Transfer Protocol.

Ø SMTP: - Simple Mail Transmission Protocol.

Ø HDLC: - High Level Data Link Control, used for Cisco routers.

Ø SDLC: - Sequential Data Link Control, used for IBM routers.

Ø PPP: - Point To Point Protocol.

Ø Slip: - Synchronous Line Internet Protocol.

Ø ATM: - Asynchronous Transfer Mode.

Ø IBM: - International Business Machine.

Ø LAN: - Local Area Network.

Ø MAN: - metro-politon area network.

Ø WAN: - Wide Area Network.

Ø Mbps: - Mega Bytes per Second.

Ø BNC: - British Naval/Network Connector.

Ø RJ 45: - Remote Jack or Registered Jack 45.

Ø U.T.P: - Unshielded Twisted Pair. Used for LAN

Ø S.T.P: - Shield Twisted Pair. Used for star collection

Ø C.I.D: - Central Interface Device.

Ø M.A.U: - Multi-Station Access Unit.

Ø I.S.O: - International Standard Organization.

Ø OSI: - Open System Interface/ Inter Connection.

Ø Tcp: - Transmission Control Protocol.

Ø Ip: - Internet Protocol.

Ø FOC: - Fiber Optic Cable.

Ø Ram: - Random Access Memory.

Ø Rom: - Read Only Memory. Password root.

Ø HDD: - Hard-Disk Drive.

how to install fedora 8 version with images

2009-07-06T09:10:00.000+05:30

Fedora 8 (codename Werewolf) was released yesterday and it's the most breathtaking version of the Fedora operating system. Not only does this release bring an installable LiveCD for both i686 and x86_64 architectures, but it also comes with exclusive KDE and GNOME LiveCDs.

I always recommend having an empty hard drive for a Linux installation (that means no other operating system on it, no Windows) and you must have a minimum of 10 GB free space for the Fedora installation. Great, now let's begin.

For this installation, I've used the Install DVD, because it contains all the software you'll ever need. However, this DVD has about 3 GB and if you don't have the necessary bandwidth to download it I recommend to get the KDE or the GNOME LiveCD. Burn it on a blank disc with your favorite CD/DVD burning application, then insert the disc in the optical drive of the computer on which you want to install Fedora and boot from it. You'll be presented with a very nice Fedora artwork GRUB splash and some options. At this part, I simply suggest you to press ENTER, and wait for the system to load.

Select the 'Skip' option when you'll be asked if you want to check the media before installation and press ENTER
Anaconda (the Fedora installer) will load and you'll see the welcome screen. Click Next
Choose your language:
Choose your keyboard layout:

Now, if you have an empty hard drive, all you have to do is click Next (make sure the "Remove Linux partitions on selected drives and create default layout" option is selected). If you don't have an empty hard drive and you still want to install Fedora 8 on your machine, then make sure you select the "Use free space on the selected drives and create default layout" option (10 GB minimum free space is required). Click Next:

If you have a DHCP network (dynamic IP address) you can click Next right now, but if you have a static IP address (ask your provider if you're not sure) click the "Edit" button and follow the instructions below.

- If you have an IPv4 address, make sure it's enabled. If you have an IPv6 address make sure it's enabled too (if you don't have an IPv6 address, uncheck the 'Enable IPv6 support' option).
- Check the "Manual configuration" option and enter your IP address and the Netmask (ask your provider if you don't know them). Do the same for the IPv6 address (if you have one).
- Click OK once you've finished.
- Select the 'manually' option.
- Optional, you can setup the system's hostname (e.g. john.fedora.linux).
- Enter your Gateway and Primary/Secondary DNS servers (ask your provider if you don't know them).

When you're done with the network configuration, click Next and you will be asked to select your location (country/city):

Once you've selected your timezone, click next and you must enter the root (System Administrator) password. The longer, the better (WRITE IT SOMEWHERE OR MEMORIZE IT):

Now you can select the desired packages (or not):
Hit the Next button and everything will be done automatically from now on, just sit back and watch how the partitions are formatted and the software packages are copied to your hard drive, or you can read the latest news while enjoying a cup of coffee. The installation process will take about 8-10 minutes (depending on your computer specs and the selected packages).

When the installation is over, you will get a "Congratulations, the installation is complete" screen. Click the 'Finish' button and your computer will automatically reboot:

Before you reach the Fedora desktop, you must do a one-time general system configuration:

1. Accept the license (it's free, don't worry) and click Forward.
2. Configure your firewall. By default, SSH is checked but if you don't use it, uncheck it!
3. Leave SELinux as it is (Enforcing) and click the 'Forward' button.
4. Make sure the date and time are correctly setup.
5. Submit your hardware profile to the Fedora Project to help focus their efforts on popular hardware and platforms. The submissions are anonymous, so do it to improve the next Fedora systems!
6. Create a user account.

That's it! Now log in to your new Linux OS (with the user and password you've just created):

and enjoy the ultimate, spectacular, breathtaking Fedora 8 distribution.

I HOPE YOU HAVE FOLLOWED THE INSTRUCTIONS WELL AND YOU HAVE SUCCESSFULLY INSTALLED FEDORA 8.
THANKS FOR USING MY BLOG.

Windows Vista Blue Screen Error

2009-06-20T19:57:00.000+05:30

How-To Repair Blue Screen and Safe Mode

2009-06-20T19:56:00.001+05:30

How To Speed Up XP

2009-06-20T19:44:00.000+05:30

How to install RAM memory on an HP PC

2009-06-20T19:43:00.001+05:30

Computer Hardware : How to Install a New Hard Drive on a PC

2009-06-20T19:39:00.000+05:30

How to Assemble a Computer

2009-06-20T19:37:00.000+05:30

Networkings tips

2009-06-20T19:28:00.000+05:30

How to make Windows XP faster

2009-06-20T19:25:00.000+05:30

how to install and configuration ris server on win2003

2009-05-05T11:42:00.001+05:30

Install and Configure Windows 2003 Remote Installation Services (RIS)

RIS is Microsoft's version of 3rd party imaging software such as Symantec's Ghost. RIS uses various technologies, such as PXE and DHCP to install clean installations, (not upgrade), of several operation systems. The PXE protocol is a combination of DHCP and TFTP, where DHCP is used to locate a boot server or servers, with TFTP used to download the initial bootstrap program and additional files. The bootstrap program can then begin the OS installation.
The process of installing and configuring RIS is described below:

Step 1 - Install the Remote Installation Service
RIS Prerequisites:
RIS requires a DHCP server, a DNS server, and an Active Directory Domain Controller, all of which can be on the same server or a standalone server, it doesn't matter as long as they are accessible. The RIS server will need at least a 2GB NTFS partition and the client image cannot be stored on the system drive
RIS clients need to be PXE compliant. If in the client's BIOS screen or Boot Device options there is an option for "Network Boot" then the chances are that the computer is PXE compliant.
Although it is not necessary, an isolated subnet with an isolated domain can offer security for the RIS Service as well as making it impossible for users to accidentally start a RIS install and lose their data.
Limitations of RIS:
RIS delivers only clean installs of XP Professional, you cannot use this technology to upgrade clients such as Windows 98 to XP. While you cannot use RIS to install domain controllers, you can have Windows Server 2003 stand alone servers which can then join the domain and promoted to domain controllers. Wireless networks do not support PXE network cards, so you cannot use the wireless medium to install XP Professional via RIS.
The RIS Server can be a Member Server, in fact it's probably BETTER to offer RIS from a Member Server than a Domain Controller.

Once these conditions have been met then The Install can begin from the Add/Remove Program Control Panel:
Tick the "Remote Installation Services" Checkbox and press Next.

Windows will then copy the necessary files,you may be prompted for the windows CD.
Once the files have been copied, press Finish.
If required, restart the server just now.
Once you have logged in again, start RIS from the Administrative Tools start menu shortcut
Press Next
Press Next
Any folder can be used as long as it is NTFS and not the system drive
If the folder you selected already exists then you will be asked to confirm your choice
The above setting mean that any pc that contacts the server will be accepted for RIS install. By ticking the other box, the client PC's Computer account must first be created in Active Directory. If no boxes are ticked then no RIS installations will take place. These settings can be changed after the Installation has finished.
Here you enter the location of your XP Setup Files. Any location can be used, CD, local copy or network location.
This is the name of the folder that the image will be stored in, if it is not a standard image, then this can be reflected in the name.
Here the Image description can be entered, again if it is not a standard image, then this can be reflected in the description.
A brief reminder of the selections made and a chance to go back if something needs changed, otherwise press Finish.
the Install process will take about 30 min's, if there are any errors, they will be displayed.

Once complete press Done, RIS is now ready to use
Step 2 - Further Configuration for Extended Use
Open Active Directory Users and Computers

The properties of the Server's computer account will display the configuration options
here you can change the Server respond settings and also Verify the server configuration . Press Advanced Settings

The naming convention for the Computer accounts can be customized here, for the Client install to be as automatic as possible select custom as above.
The above format will ensure that the server creates incremental names for the computer accounts, if the RIS server is on an isolated domain, then this setup ensures that you don't have to create/delete/modify the computer accounts as they will have no effect on your live domain.
Here you can install a new image for another OS or another version of the same OS. Press Add

The "Add new installation image" option takes you through the same process as we have just completed to create a new image. The "Associate a new answer file to an existing image" option allows you to customize the RIS image further, choose this option.
The "Windows image Sample Files" option allows you to choose between 2 preset answer files, a standard one and one that does not repartition the hard drive. The "Another Remote Installation Server" option allows you to select an answer file already configured on another RIS server. The "An Alternate Location" allows you to select an answer file from a local or network drive, choose this option.
Choose the Image you want to add the answer file to.
Locate the Answer file with the Browse button, it must have the .sif extension, To learn how to create an answer file click here.
Enter a Description and Help Text
Review your settings and press Finish

Your new Answer file has been added, both choices will now be available to the RIS Client.
Few properties are configurable but by pressing Permissions:

You can decide who can Read/Modify the answer file.
To Allow User to install a Client Image using RIS
In order for normal users to install an OS with RIS they must be able to create computer accounts in the domain, this is done as follows:
Open Active Directory Users and Computers from the Administrative Tools Program Menu or by typing dsa.msc at the run prompt:
Select Delegate Control from the Domain Context Menu
Press Add and select the User(s) you want to grant the permission to
Press Next
Press Next

All Done, the specified users can now use RIS to install an OS image.
Step 3 - Using Symantec Ghost with RIS
RIS can be used to deploy Ghost images to any PXE compliant RIS client by using the following method:
Open Symantec Ghost Console and select Tools/Boot Wizard
Symantec Ghost must be installed on a RIS server for the RIS option to appear. Press Next
Here you select the network card drivers used for this boot disk, most common drivers are included but you can download other versions from the manufacturers website and add them here too.
Here you select the Ghost.exe file to be used on the boot disk and any command line parameters that you need.
More options but both are unnecessary for a RIS image deployment.
For use with RIS leave this as above, RIS uses DHCP after all so the service will be available.
An image specific Boot Name.
A last chance to change any settings.
All Done, press Finish.

Close Ghost Console and locate the RIS folder, created when you installed RIS, the new ghost image will have been added to the appropriate location as above.
Step 4 - Troubleshooting RIS
RIS Client Does Not Connect to RIS Server
Open The DHCP Management Console on the DHCP Server that serves the RIS clients:
Right-click on Scope Options and select Configure Options
Ensure that option 066 Boot Server Host Name holds either the RIS Server's IP Address or it's DNS Name
Ensure that option 067 Bootfile Name holds the location of the bootstrap program loader, in the Standard windows RIS Install the location is OSChooser\i386\startrom.com

Attempt the RIS install again.
RIS Client Does Not Pick up an IP Address
Check that you can reach the DHCP server and check that the server is Authorized in Active Directory. Right-click on the DHCP Server in the DHCP Management console and select Authorize
My Client is not PXE Compliant
There is a program called rbfg.exe located at RISFolder\Admin\i386, this program creates a Specialized boot disk that can be used when the network card is not PXE compliant, however, the included drivers are limited, but it might work.
Create an Unattended Install Answer File

Explore the windows XP or windows 2003 Install CD and open the Deploy.cab file in the Support\Tools folder

Extract and run Setupmgr.exe
Press Next
Select Remote Installation Services (RIS) and press next
Choose which OS you want to install, please note that although you can Install windows 2003 with RIS, you cannot make it a Domain Controller.
Here you choose the level of Interaction that will be required during the RIS install, choose Fully Automated.
Accept the terms of the License Agreement

Go through the options and configure them as you see fit. When finished press Finish and the Answer file will be saved to a location of your choosing.

Create a Ghost Image Bootable DVD

A Ghost Bootable DVD is not a necessary part of windows RIS, but it provides a means of making your Ghost Images portable. Once you have added the ghost component to RIS in step 3 then you can create an image using GhostCast Server that comes as part of the Symantec Ghost Server.

Once an image has been created save it to a folder on a pc or server that has a DVD Writer and a copy of Nero installed. Name the image as image.gho

You will also need a Windows 98 Boot disk, alternatively you can create a DOS boot disk in Ghost console by selecting the "CD/DVD Startup Disk with Ghost" option in Ghost Boot Wizard Tools menu. Download a copy of GhostBootDiskFiles and add them to the folder.

The file autoexec.bat contains the following text:

The text that starts with ECHO is what is displayed on screen during the ghosting process, change this to whatever suits you.

@echo off

MSCDEX.EXE /D:CDROM /L:R

CLS
ECHO Initializing Ghost Recovery....
ECHO.

CLS
ECHO Do you wish to Restore Windows Xp to its Original State?
ECHO All Data will be erased!
ECHO Yes or No [y/n]
ECHO.
ECHO Setup will automatically exit after 15 Seconds.
ECHO.

R:\CHOICE.com /N /T:n,15

IF errorlevel 2 GOTO No
IF errorlevel 1 GOTO Yes

:Yes
R:\ghost -clone,mode=load,src=R:\Image.gho,dst=1 -sure
GOTO End

:No
exit

:End
exit

Also copy the files to the DOS boot Floppy and overwrite files if asked. The last file that you will need is Ghost.exe which can be found in the program folder of the Symantec Ghost Server, copy this to the folder too. you should now have a folder that looks like this:

Make sure the DOS boot disk into the drive and start Nero.
Select DVD-ROM(Boot) and on the right select "Bootable logical drive (must fit on the DVD), im currently working on my laptop which has no floppy drive so this option was not available, but in your case make sure that you select the drive that has the floppy disk in it. Select the ISO Tab.
Set as above and press the label tab.
You can change the name as you see fit, No options need to be configured on the Dates or Misc tab so press Burn.
Burn at whatever speed you like and press New.

Copy the files from the folder you made earlier on and burn the DVD. Once complete you DVD should be ready to use, but remember that the DVD will overwrite all files that are currently on the PC, so make a backup of any important documents.

All Done

Missing or corrupt c:\windows\system32\drivers\ntfs.sys.

2009-05-05T11:40:00.001+05:30

Missing or corrupt c:\windows\system32\drivers\ntfs.sys.

Question:

Missing or corrupt c:\windows\system32\drivers\ntfs.sys.

Cause:

This issue is known to be caused by one or more of the below causes.

Hard disk drive is converted from FAT32 to NTFS and during the process corrupts the ntfs.sys file.
Other software or malware corrupts or deletes the ntfs.sys file.
Overclocking / heat related issues.
Corruption in the computer memory or memory in computer is bad.
Other serious file corruption issue.
Other hardware confliction or issue.

Answer:

Missing or corrupt file

To restore a missing or corrupt ntfs.sys file you must have the Windows XP CD and follow the below steps.

Insert the Windows XP CD into the computer and restart the computer.
As the computer is starting make sure to press a key to boot from the CD.
In the Windows XP setup screen press the 'R' key to run the Windows Recovery Console.
If prompted enter the number of Windows installation you're repairing.
At the command prompt type the below command.

copy x:\i386\ntfs.sys c:\windows\system32\drivers

* In the above example you would replace x: with the letter of your CD-ROM drive. Many computers have the CD-ROM drive configured as the D: drive.
If ntfs.sys is still on the computer you'll be prompted if you wish to overwrite the file. If prompted, press the Y key for Yes to overwrite the file.
Once the file has been successfully copied remove the CD and reboot your computer.

Overclocking related issues

If you're or have in the past overclocked your computer restore your computer back to the system defaults to make sure it is not the cause of your issue. Improper settings, especially those with bus or memory speeds can cause issues with your memory or other systems settings, which can cause file corruption.

Heat related issues

Verify all computer case fans and the processor heat sink fan (if present) is working. Excessive heat can cause all types of issues and/or the system to abnormally power down causing corrupt files.

Improperly connected, bad, or failing system memory

If following the above steps does not resolve your issue or you're unable to boot into the CD to restore the file it's possible your computer has a hardware issue or failure. Often for this issue it is bad or failing computer memory.

If you've ever added memory to the computer first remove that memory, even if it was added before this issue started.

If you have never added memory or removing it does not resolve the issue it's possible that the remaining memory in the computer is bad or failing. Additional help and information about testing your computers memory can be found on document CH000708.

We also suggest trying reseating your memory (removing and then re-installing the memory), trying to replace the memory with known good memory, and/or if you have two sticks of memory (ie: 2 sticks of 256 for 512 total or 2 sticks of 512 for 1GB total) to try only one stick of memory.

Other serious file corruption

If you've reviewed all the above-related issues to this issue yet are still unable to resolve your issue we suggest doing a full system restore, deleting all the information and reinstalling Windows. Additional information about reinstalling Windows XP can be found on document CH000647. If during the format or the installation of Windows you encounter additional errors it's likely your hard disk drive is bad.

If you're unable to boot into the CD to restore the file and/or to run a full system restore it's likely you're encountering a hardware issue. If you've already tested and/or replaced the computer memory see the below other hardware confliction or issue section.

Other hardware confliction or issue

If you've tried all the above recommendations and continue to get this error it's possible that a more serious hardware issue is being encountered on your computer. We suggest replacing the below hardware device one at a time until the issue is resolved and/or have the computer repaired at a local computer repair shop.

Disk boot failure.

2009-05-05T11:39:00.000+05:30

Disk boot failure.

Issue:

Disk boot failure.

Cause:

This issue could be caused by any of the below possibilities.

Boot options are not set properly in CMOS
Non bootable CD or CD-R in computer
All boot devices set are not bootable

Solution:

Boot options are not set properly in CMOS

Verify that the boot options within CMOS are set properly. Below is an example of how we recommend the boot options be set. Additional information about how to enter CMOS can be found on document CH00192.

Floppy drive
CD-ROM drive
Hard Drive
Other / Network

Non-bootable CD, CD-R, DVD or other disc in computer

Verify that no CD, CD-R, DVD, or other disc is in the computer possibly causing the computer to attempt to boot from that disc.

All boot devices set are not bootable

If all of the above recommendations have been attempted and you encounter the same issue it is likely that the computer is not detecting any devices in the computer that are bootable. Attempt to boot from a bootable floppy disk.

If you are unable to boot from a known bootable floppy diskette, ensure that the floppy drive is properly setup. Additional information and troubleshooting on the computer floppy drive can be found on document CH000277.

Once you are able to boot from a bootable floppy diskette, ensure that the hard disk drive is able to be read. Information about why you may not be able to see the hard drive when booting from a floppy diskette can be found on document CH000047.

Computer hardware tips

2009-05-05T11:32:00.000+05:30

Computer hardware tips

1/2007 - Windows XP mouse Snap To

Enable the Microsoft Window XP mouse Snap To feature to automatically focus on dialog box buttons. Enabling this feature will automatically move your mouse cursor to the default button on any dialog box that appears on Windows. This is a great way to save a little time and not have to move you mouse cursor to the "Ok" button each time a dialog box appears. To enable this feature follow the below steps.

Click Start, Settings, Control Panel.
Double-click the Mouse icon
In the Mouse Properties window click the Pointer Options tab and check the "Automatically move pointer to the default button in a dialog box" option.

6/2006 - Computer Mouse

Using the mouse in combination with the keys on your keyboard can give you several different advantages and help improve your overall productivity on the computer. Below are just a few examples.

Almost all text editors

Many text editors or programs that allow you to edit text support the ability to quickly highlight all or portions of text by using the Shift key and the mouse. For example, move the cursor to the beginning of the text you wish to highlight, hold down the shift key, and click at the end of the text you wish to highlight. If supported and done properly this will highlight all text in-between the points you clicked.

Microsoft Word

In Microsoft Word holding down the ALT key on your keyboard while clicking and dragging your mouse and you will be able to drag a box and highlight only portions of text and not the whole line.

Windows Explorer and many other file

Microsoft Windows Explorer and other file managing programs allow users to select multiple files by holding down the CTRL key and clicking each file or folder they wish to select or hold down the shift key and selecting multiple files at once.

Microsoft Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, and other browsers

Users who visit a website with tables and wish to only select one row of that table can hold down the CTRL key and click and drag on the text in the row they wish to copy.

Mozilla Firefox users

Mozilla Firefox users can also hold down the CTRL key and individually click on each cell they wish to copy.

Microsoft Word and Excel shortcut keys

2009-05-05T11:26:00.000+05:30

Microsoft Word shortcut keys

Below is a listing of all the major shortcut keys in Microsoft Word. See our main shortcut page if you're looking for other shortcut keys used in other programs.

Shortcut Keys	Description
Ctrl + A	Select all contents of the page.
Ctrl + B	Bold highlighted selection.
Ctrl + C	Copy selected text.
Ctrl + X	Cut selected text.
Ctrl + P	Open the print window.
Ctrl + F	Open find box.
Ctrl + I	Italic highlighted selection.
Ctrl + K	Insert link.
Ctrl + U	Underline highlighted selection.
Ctrl + V	Paste.
Ctrl + Y	Redo the last action performed.
Ctrl + Z	Undo last action.
Ctrl + L	Aligns the line or selected text to the left of the screen.
Ctrl + E	Aligns the line or selected text to the center of the screen.
Ctrl + R	Aligns the line or selected text to the right of the screen.
Ctrl + M	Indent the paragraph.
Ctrl + Shift + F	Change the font.
Ctrl + Shift + >	Increase selected font +1pts up to 12pt and then increases font +2pts.
Ctrl + ]	Increase selected font +1pts.
Ctrl + Shift + <	Decrease selected font -1pts if 12pt or lower, if above 12 decreases font by +2pt.
Ctrl + [	Decrease selected font -1pts.
Ctrl + Shift + *	View or hide non printing characters.
Ctrl +	Moves one word to the left.
Ctrl +	Moves one word to the right.
Ctrl +	Moves to the beginning of the line or paragraph.
Ctrl +	Moves to the end of the paragraph.
Ctrl + Del	Deletes word to right of cursor.
Ctrl + Backspace	Deletes word to left of cursor.
Ctrl + End	Moves the cursor to the end of the document.
Ctrl + Home	Moves the cursor to the beginning of the document.
Ctrl + Spacebar	Reset highlighted text to the default font.
Ctrl + 1	Single-space lines.
Ctrl + 2	Double-space lines.
Ctrl + 5	1.5-line spacing.
Ctrl + Alt + 1	Changes text to heading 1.
Ctrl + Alt + 2	Changes text to heading 2.
Ctrl + Alt + 3	Changes text to heading 3.
Ctrl + F1	Open the Task Pane.
F1	Open Help.
Alt + Ctrl + F2	Open new document.
Ctrl + F2	Display the print preview.
Shift + F3	Change the text in Microsoft Word from upper to lower case or a capital letter at the beginning of every word.
Shift + Insert	Paste.
F4	Repeat the last action performed (Word 2000+)
F5	Open the find, replace, and go to window in Microsoft Word.
Ctrl + Shift + F6	Opens to another open Microsoft Word document.
F7	Spell and grammar check selected text and/or document.
Shift + F7	Runs a Thesaurus check on the word highlighted.
F12	Save as.
Shift + F12	Save.
Ctrl + Shift + F12	Prints the document.
Alt + Shift + D	Insert the current date.
Alt + Shift + T	Insert the current time.

In addition to the above shortcut keys users can also use their mouse as a method of quickly do something commonly performed. Below some are examples of mouse shortcuts.

Mouse shortcuts	Description
Click, hold, and drag	Selects text from where you click and hold to the point you drag and let go.
Double-click	If double-click a word, selects the complete word.
Double-click	Double-clicking on the left, center, or right of a blank line will make the alignment of the text left, center, or right aligned.
Double-click	Double-clicking anywhere after text on a line will set a tab stop.
Triple-click	Selects the line or paragraph of the text the mouse triple-clicked.
Ctrl + Mouse wheel	Zooms in and out of document.

Microsoft Excel shortcut keys

Below is a listing of all the major shortcut keys in Microsoft Excel. See our main shortcut page if you're looking for other shortcut keys used in other programs.

Shortcut Keys	Description
F2	Edit the selected cell.
F5	Goto a specific cell. For example, C6.
F7	Spell check selected text and/or document.
F11	Create chart.
Ctrl + Shift + ;	Enter the current time.
Ctrl + ;	Enter the current date.
Alt + Shift + F1	Insert New Worksheet.
Shift + F3	Open the Excel formula window.
Shift + F5	Bring up search box.
Ctrl + A	Select all contents of the worksheet.
Ctrl + B	Bold highlighted selection.
Ctrl + I	Italic highlighted selection.
Ctrl + K	Insert link.
Ctrl + U	Underline highlighted selection.
Ctrl + 5	Strikethrough highlighted selection.
Ctrl + P	Bring up the print dialog box to begin printing.
Ctrl + Z	Undo last action.
Ctrl + F9	Minimize current window.
Ctrl + F10	Maximize currently selected window.
Ctrl + F6	Switch between open workbooks / windows.
Ctrl + Page up	Move between Excel work sheets in the same Excel document.
Ctrl + Page down	Move between Excel work sheets in the same Excel document.
Ctrl + Tab	Move between Two or more open Excel files.
Alt + =	Create a formula to sum all of the above cells
Ctrl + '	Insert the value of the above cell into cell currently selected.
Ctrl + Shift + !	Format number in comma format.
Ctrl + Shift + $	Format number in currency format.
Ctrl + Shift + #	Format number in date format.
Ctrl + Shift + %	Format number in percentage format.
Ctrl + Shift + ^	Format number in scientific format.
Ctrl + Shift + @	Format number in time format.
Ctrl + Arrow key	Move to next section of text.
Ctrl + Space	Select entire column.
Shift + Space	Select entire row.

Basic network troubleshooting.

2009-05-05T11:19:00.000+05:30

Basic network troubleshooting.

Issue:

Basic network troubleshooting.

Cause:

If a computer is unable to connect to a network or see other computers on a network, it may be necessary to troubleshoot the network. A network may not work because of any of the below reasons.

Network card not connected properly.
Bad network card drivers or software settings.
Firewall preventing computers from seeing each other.
Connection related issues.
Bad network hardware.

Solution:

Because of the large variety of network configurations, operating systems, setup, etc... not all of the below information may apply to your network or operating system. If your computer is connected to a company or large network, or you are not the administrator of the network, it is recommended that if you are unable to resolve your issues after following the below recommendations that you contact the network administrator or company representative.

Note: If you are being prompted for a Network password and do not know the password, Computer Hope is unable to assist users with obtaining a new or finding out the old password.

Verify connections / LEDs

Verify that the network cable is properly connected to the back of the computer. In addition, when checking the connection of the network cable, ensure that the LEDs on the network are properly illuminated. For example, a network card with a solid green LED or light usually indicates that the card is either connected or receiving a signal. Note: generally, when the green light is flashing, this is an indication of data being sent or received.

If, however, the card does not have any lights or has orange or red lights, it is possible that either the card is bad, the card is not connected properly, or that the card is not receiving a signal from the network.

If you are on a small or local network and have the capability of checking a hub or switch, verify that the cables are properly connected and that the hub or switch has power.

Adapter resources

Ensure that if this is a new network card being installed into the computer that the card's resources are properly set and/or are not conflicting with any hardware in the computer.

Users who are using Windows 95, 98, ME, 2000 or XP, verify that Device Manager has no conflicts or errors. Additional help and information about Device Manager and resources can be found on our Device Manager page.

Adapter functionality

Verify that the network card is capable of pinging or seeing itself by using the ping command. Windows / MS-DOS users ping the computer from a MS-DOS prompt. Unix / Linux variant users ping the computer from the shell.

To ping the card or the localhost, type either

ping 127.0.0.1

ping localhost

This should show a listing of replies from the network card. If you receive an error or if the transmission failed, it is likely that either the network card is not physically installed into the computer correctly, or that the card is bad.

Protocol

Verify that the correct protocols are installed on the computer. Most networks today will utilize TCP/IP, but may also utilize or require IPX/SPX and NetBEUI.

Additional information and help with installing and reinstalling a network protocol can be found on document CH000470.

When the TCP/IP protocol is installed, unless a DNS server or other computer assigns the IPX address, the user must specify an IP address as well as a Subnet Mask. To do this, follow the below instructions.

Click Start / Settings / Control Panel
Double-click the Network icon
Within the configuration tab double-click the TCP/IP protocol icon. Note: Do not click on the PPP or Dial-Up adapter, click on the network card adapter.
In the TCP/IP properties click the IP address tab
Select the option to specify an IP address
Enter the IP address and Subnet Mask address, an example of such an address could be:

IP Address: 102.55.92.1
Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.192
When specifying these values, the computers on the network must all have the same Subnet Mask and have a different IP Address. For example, when using the above values on one computer you would want to use an IP address of 102.55.92.2 on another computer and then specify the same Subnet Mask.

Firewall

If your computer network utilizes a firewall, ensure that all ports required are open. If possible, close the firewall software program or disconnect the computer from the firewall to ensure it is not causing the problem.

Additional time

In some cases it may take a computer some additional time to detect or see the network. If after booting the computer you are unable to see the network, give the computer 2-3 minutes to detect the network. Windows users may also want to try pressing the F5 (refresh) key when in Network Neighborhood to refresh the network connections and possibly detect the network.

Additional troubleshooting

If after following or verifying the above recommendations you are still unable to connect or see the network, attempt one or more of the below recommendations.

If you have installed or are using TCP/IP as your protocol you can attempt to ping another computer's IP address to verify if the computer is able to send and receive data. To do this, Windows or MS-DOS users must be at a prompt and Linux / Unix variant users must open or be at a shell.

Once at the prompt assuming, that the address of the computer you wish to attempt to ping is 102.55.92.2, you would type:

ping 102.55.92.2

If you receive a response back from this address (and it is a different computer), this demonstrates that the computer is communicating over the network. If you are still unable to connect or see the network, it is possible that other issues may be present.

Another method of determining network issues is to use the tracert command if you are a MS-DOS or Windows user or the traceroute command if you are a Linux / Unix variant user. To use this command you must be at the command prompt or shell.

Once at the prompt, assuming that the address is again 102.55.92.2, type:

tracert 102.55.92.2

traceroute 102.55.92.2

This should begin listing the hops between the computer and network devices. When the connection fails, determine which device is causing the issue by reviewing the traceroute listing.

Index

Resolved

Were you able to locate the answer to your questions?

Runtime errors.

2009-05-05T11:17:00.000+05:30

Runtime errors.

Issue:

Runtime errors.

Cause:

The runtime or run-time error message can be caused by:

Confliction with TSR or other running program
Software issue
Computer Virus
Memory issue

Solution:

Before following the below recommendations for troubleshooting your runtime error if you're getting a runtime error with a runtime error code and error message such as "Runtime error 75 path/file access error", skip to the below runtime error listing for a listing of runtime error codes and additional information and causes for these errors.

Confliction with TSR or other running program

If you are encountering a runtime error message while in Windows or above ensure that the issue is not being caused by a third-party program or TSR by end tasking all open programs. Additional information about TSRs and how to end task a TSR can be found on document CHTSR.

If, after end tasking all TSRs, you continue to experience the same issue and are running Windows 95 or Windows 98, verify that no utility or program is being loaded in the autoexec.bat / config.sys that is causing your issue by temporally renaming the files. To do this, follow the below instructions.

Boot to a MS-DOS prompt. Information on how to do this can be found on document CHDOS.
Once at the MS-DOS prompt, type:

cd\
ren autoexec.bat autoexec.ch
ren config.sys config.ch

Once completed, reboot the computer.

Software issue

If your issue persists it is possible that the program, utility or game causing the runtime error may have issues. Verify through the developer's web site that all updates or patches that may be available have been downloaded and applied.

If no patches or updates are available, attempt to uninstall and/or reinstall the program that is causing the issue. If you are having a runtime error in your operating system, reinstall the operating system.

Add-on, plug-in, or other extra software

Many runtime errors are also caused by other add-ons, plug-ins, or other extra software that has been installed onto the computer and is associated with the program generating the error. If you have any extra software installed that is associated with the program generating the error make sure there are no available updates for the programs and/or try uninstalling each of them to verify they're not the cause of your issue.

Computer virus

Because computer viruses are capable of tampering with the system settings / memory it is possible for a computer virus to generate a runtime error. If you are currently running a virus protection program on your computer ensure it has the latest updated patch or .dat file.

If you do not have a computer virus protection program it is recommended one be purchased or that a demo be temporarily downloaded to scan your computer hard disk drive for viruses.

Additional information about computer viruses can be found on our virus information page.

Memory issue

Finally, if you have followed all of the above recommendations, it is possible that you may be encountering a hardware / memory related issue. We recommend that you first contact the developer of the program causing the issue for any possible solutions. If no solutions are found, we recommend you contact the computer or motherboard manufacturer for additional recommendations and/or service.

Additional information about troubleshooting memory related issues can be found on document CH000375.

A complete listing of computer-related companies can be found here.

Runtime error listings

Below is a listing of Microsoft Windows and Windows software runtime error codes and related Runtime error messages. If you're encountering one of the below runtime error codes and have a matching runtime error message see the associated additional information column for causes and information about that runtime. If the additional information does not help resolve your issue try the recommendations under the above solution section.

Runtime error code	Runtime error message	Additional information
5	Illegal function call	Program error, verify the program has all the latest updates. If updated try reinstalling the program. If you continue to have the same errors contact the software developer.
6	Overflow	Program error, verify the program has all the latest updates. If updated try reinstalling the program. If you continue to have the same errors contact the software developer.
7	Out of memory	This issue can be caused when the computer does not meet the programs system requirements or to much memory is already being used for the program to run. If your computer meets the requirements try first reinstalling the program to make sure it's not an issues with the program installation. If this does not resolve your issue review document CH000375 for additional information about troubleshooting out of memory issues.
9	Subscript out of range	Program error, verify the program has all the latest updates. If updated try reinstalling the program. If you continue to have the same errors contact the software developer.
10	Duplicate definition	Program error, verify the program has all the latest updates. If updated try reinstalling the program. If you continue to have the same errors contact the software developer.
11	Division by zero	Problem with a math formula in the program or the programs code. Verify no software updates are available for the program causing this error.
13	Type Mismatch	Make sure your system regional settings are setup correctly and that the program you're running is made for your version of Windows.
14	Out of string space	Program error, verify the program has all the latest updates. If updated try reinstalling the program. If you continue to have the same errors contact the software developer.
19	No Resume	Program error, verify the program has all the latest updates. If updated try reinstalling the program. If you continue to have the same errors contact the software developer.
20	Resume without error	Program error, verify the program has all the latest updates. If updated try reinstalling the program. If you continue to have the same errors contact the software developer.
28	Out of stack space	This issue can be caused by a program or memory error. First try going through the out of memory troubleshooting on document CH000375, if this does not resolve the issue try reinstalling / updating the program.
35	Sub or Function not defined	Program error, verify the program has all the latest updates. If updated try reinstalling the program. If you continue to have the same errors contact the software developer.
48	Error in loading DLL	This issue is often caused with a bad installation or an issue caused after another program has been installed that replaced the programs DLL. Close all programs and TSRs and try installing the program again.
52	Bad file name or number	Program error, verify the program has all the latest updates. If updated try reinstalling the program. If you continue to have the same errors contact the software developer.
53	File not found	File required by the program to run is not found. Program needs to be reinstalled or missing file(s) need to be copied back to the computer.
54	Bad file mode	Program error, verify the program has all the latest updates. If updated try reinstalling the program. If you continue to have the same errors contact the software developer.
55	File already open	Program or file associated with program is being used and program does not have access to use it. Try closing all open programs and run program again. Additional information about closing TSRs can also be found on document CHTSR.
58	File already exists	Program error, verify the program has all the latest updates. If updated try reinstalling the program. If you continue to have the same errors contact the software developer.
61	Disk full	The disk, for example, the hard disk drive does not have enough space for the program to run or for associated files to be copied to. Free up disk space on the computer hard drive. Additional information about how to determine hard disk drive space can be found on document CH000369.
62	Input past end of file	Program error, verify the program has all the latest updates. If updated try reinstalling the program. If you continue to have the same errors contact the software developer.
63	Bad record number	Program error, verify the program has all the latest updates. If updated try reinstalling the program. If you continue to have the same errors contact the software developer.
64	Bad file name	Program error, verify the program has all the latest updates. If updated try reinstalling the program. If you continue to have the same errors contact the software developer.
68	Device unavailable	A hardware device or necessary requirement for the program is not being found. Verify all hardware and software required by the program is installed. If you continue to have the same issues verify the latest updates are installed for the program as well as any hardware device the program needs.
70	Permission denied	The location of where the program is being copied to does not have proper rights. Or a file that is trying to be copied over because it's currently being used. Try closing all programs and TSRs and running/installing the program again. Additional information about closing TSRs can also be found on document CHTSR.
71	Disk not ready	Verify you have proper rights to the location you are attempting to install the program to.
74	Can't rename with different drive	Program error, verify the program has all the latest updates. If updated try reinstalling the program. If you continue to have the same errors contact the software developer.
75	Path/File access error	Program does not have rights or access to a file. Often this is caused when a program is trying to access a network file it doesn't have proper access to either because of network privileges or something is blocking the program. This issue can also be caused when the file is being used by another program or is read-only.
76	Path not found	Directory of where the program needs to be copied to or files associated with the program need to be copied to is missing. Try reinstalling the program.
91	Object variable set to Nothing	Program error, verify the program has all the latest updates. If updated try reinstalling the program. If you continue to have the same errors contact the software developer.
93	Invalid pattern	Program error, verify the program has all the latest updates. If updated try reinstalling the program. If you continue to have the same errors contact the software developer.
94	Illegal use of NULL	Program error, verify the program has all the latest updates. If updated try reinstalling the program. If you continue to have the same errors contact the software developer.
102	Command failed	Program error, verify the program has all the latest updates. If updated try reinstalling the program. If you continue to have the same errors contact the software developer.
339	A file is missing or invalid	An associated program file is missing or corrupt. Try reinstalling the program.
429	Object creation failed	Program is corrupted, try reinstalling the program generating the runtime error.
438	No such property or method	Program error, verify the program has all the latest updates. If updated try reinstalling the program. If you continue to have the same errors contact the software developer.
439	Argument type mismatch	Program error, verify the program has all the latest updates. If updated try reinstalling the program. If you continue to have the same errors contact the software developer.
440	Object error	Program error, verify the program has all the latest updates. If updated try reinstalling the program. If you continue to have the same errors contact the software developer.
901	Input buffer would be larger than 64K	Program error, verify the program has all the latest updates. If updated try reinstalling the program. If you continue to have the same errors contact the software developer.
902	Operating system error	Verify the program is compatible with your version of Windows and/or has any software updates.
903	External procedure not found	Program error, verify the program has all the latest updates. If updated try reinstalling the program. If you continue to have the same errors contact the software developer.
904	Global variable type mismatch	Program error, verify the program has all the latest updates. If updated try reinstalling the program. If you continue to have the same errors contact the software developer.
905	User-defined type mismatch	A setting either in the program shortcut or being defined by the user is correct. Try running just the program without any additional settings or variables.
906	External procedure interface mismatch	Program error, verify the program has all the latest updates. If updated try reinstalling the program. If you continue to have the same errors contact the software developer.
1001	Out of memory	This issue can be caused when the computer does not meet the programs system requirements or to much memory is already being used for the program to run. If your computer meets the requirements try first reinstalling the program to make sure it's not an issue with the program installation. If this does not resolve your issue review document CH000375 for additional information about troubleshooting out of memory issues.
1025	DLL is not supported	This issue is often caused with a bad installation or an issue caused after another program has been installed that replaced the programs DLL. Close all programs and TSRs and try installing the program again.
6205		See document CH000959.

Additional information:

See our runtime error dictionary page for additional information about this term and related terms.

Basic computer troubleshooting

2009-05-05T11:13:00.000+05:30

Basic computer troubleshooting

I have problems in Windows after installing new software.

Issue:

I have problems in Windows after installing new software.

Cause:

After installing any type of utility, driver or other software program on a computer you can encounter an almost endless list of issues that can be caused by any of the below reasons.

Confliction with other software installed on the computer.
Issue with program.
Improper installation or problems with installation.

Solution:

Reinstall or uninstall the program

If you're encountering problems with your computer or other programs after installing new software on your computer attempt to uninstall the program and see if the issues persist. Additional information about how to uninstall program in Windows can be found on document CH000347.

After the program has been uninstalled try installing the program again. Additional information and tips with installing software can be found on document CH000561.

Note: If after installing a program you're unable to boot into Windows, try booting into Safe Mode. Additional information about getting into Safe Mode can be found on document CHSAFE. In Safe Mode follow the above steps.

Check for software program updates or new versions

If you continue to experience issues verify that the program, game, or utility you're installing doesn't have any updates by visiting the developer of the program website.

If you're installing a software program or drivers for a hardware device such as a printer. Attempt to get the latest software and/or drivers from the manufacturer instead of using the included software. A listing of links to drivers can be found on our drivers page.

NTLDR is Missing.

2009-05-05T11:05:00.000+05:30

NTLDR is Missing.

Issue:

NTLDR is Missing.

Related errors:

Below are the full error messages that may be seen when the computer is booting.

NTLDR is Missing
Press any key to restart

Boot: Couldn't find NTLDR
Please insert another disk

NTLDR is missing
Press Ctrl Alt Del to Restart

Cause:

Computer is booting from a non-bootable source.
Computer hard disk drive is not properly setup in BIOS.
Corrupt NTLDR and/or NTDETECT.COM file.
Misconfiguration with the boot.ini file.
Attempting to upgrade from a Windows 95, 98, or ME computer that is using FAT32.
New hard disk drive being added.
Corrupt boot sector / master boot record.
Seriously corrupted version of Windows 2000 or Windows XP.
Loose or Faulty IDE/EIDE hard disk drive cable.

Solutions:

Computer is booting from a non-bootable source

Many times this error is caused when the computer is attempting to boot from a non-bootable floppy disk or CD-ROM. First verify that no floppy diskette is in the computer, unless you are attempting to boot from a diskette.

If you are attempting to boot from a floppy diskette and are receiving this error message it is likely that the diskette does not have all the necessary files and/or is corrupt.

If you are attempting to install Windows XP or Windows 2000 and are receiving this error message as the computer is booting verify that your computer BIOS has the proper boot settings. For example, if you are attempting to run the install from the CD-ROM make sure the CD-ROM is the first boot device, and not the hard disk drive.

Second, when the computer is booting you should receive the below prompt.

Press any key to boot from the CD

Important: When you see this message press any key such as the Enter key immediately, otherwise it will try booting from the hard drive and likely get the NTLDR error again.

Note: If you are not receiving the above message and your BIOS boot options are set properly it's also possible that your CD-ROM drive may not be booting from the CD-ROM properly. Verify the jumpers are set properly on the CD-ROM drive. Additional information about checking the CD-ROM drive connections can be found on document CH000213.

Additional information: This error has also been known to occur when a memory stick is in a card reader and the computer is attempting to boot from it. If you have any type of card reader or flash reader make sure that no memory stick is inside the computer.

Computer hard disk drive is not properly setup in BIOS

Verify that your computer hard disk drive is properly setup in the BIOS / CMOS setup. Improper settings can cause this error. Additional information on how to enter the BIOS / CMOS setup can be found in document CH000192.

Corrupt NTLDR and/or NTDETECT.COM file

Windows 2000 users
Windows XP users

Windows 2000 users

If your computer is using Microsoft Windows 2000 and you are encountering the NTLDR error. Create the below boot.ini file on the floppy diskette drive.

[boot loader]
timeout=30
default=multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(1)\WINNT
[operating systems]
multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(1)\WINNT="Microsoft Windows 2000 Professional" /fastdetect

Copy the NTLDR and NTDETECT.COM files from another computer using the same operating system. Both of these files are located in the root directory of the primary hard disk drive. For example, C:\NTLDR and C:\NTDETECT.COM should be the locations of these files on many computers.

Please keep in mind that these files are hidden system files, if you need additional help with viewing hidden files in Windows please see document CH000516.

Once these files have been copied to a floppy diskette reboot the computer and copy the NTLDR and NTDETECT.COM files to the root directory of the primary hard disk drive. Below is an example of what commonly should be performed from the A:\> drive.

copy ntldr c:
copy ntdetect.com c:

After the above two files have been copied, remove the floppy diskette and reboot the computer.

Windows XP users

Insert the Windows XP bootable CD into the computer.
When prompted to press any key to boot from the CD, press any key.
Once in the Windows XP setup menu press the "R" key to repair Windows.
Log into your Windows installation by pressing the "1" key and pressing enter.
You will then be prompted for your administrator password, enter that password.
Copy the below two files to the root directory of the primary hard disk. In the below example we are copying these files from the CD-ROM drive letter, which in this case is "e." This letter may be different on your computer.

copy e:\i386\ntldr c:\
copy e:\i386\ntdetect.com c:\
Once both of these files have been successfully copied, remove the CD from the computer and reboot.

Misconfiguration with the boot.ini file

Edit the boot.ini on the root directory of the hard disk drive and verify that it is pointing to the correct location of your Windows operating system and that the partitions are properly defined. Additional information about the boot.ini can be found on document CH000492.

Attempting to upgrade from a Windows 95, 98, or ME computer that is using FAT32

If you are getting this error message while you are attempting to upgrade to Windows 2000 or Windows XP from Windows 95, Windows 98, or Windows ME running FAT32 please try the below recommendations.

Boot the computer with a Windows 95, Windows 98 or Windows ME bootable diskette.
At the A:\> prompt type:

sys c:
After pressing enter you should receive the "System Transferred" message. Once this has been completed remove the floppy diskette and reboot the computer.

New hard disk drive being added

If you are attempting to add a new hard disk drive to the computer make sure that drive is a blank drive. Adding a new hard disk drive to a computer that already has Windows installed on it may cause the NTLDR error to occur.

If you are unsure if the new drive is blank or not try booting from a bootable diskette and format the new hard disk drive.

Corrupt boot sector / master boot record

It's possible your computer's hard disk drive may have a corrupt boot sector and/or master boot record. These can be repaired through the Microsoft Windows Recovery console by running the fixboot and fixmbr commands.

Additional information and help in getting into the Microsoft Windows Recovery console can be found on document CH000627.

Seriously corrupted version of Windows 2000 or Windows XP

If you have tried each of the above recommendations that apply to your situation and you continue to experience this issue it is possible you may have a seriously corrupted version of Microsoft Windows. Therefore we would recommend you reinstall Microsoft Windows 2000 and Windows XP.

If you are encountering this issue during your setup you may wish to completely erase your computer hard disk drive and all of its existing data and then install Microsoft Windows 2000 / Windows XP. Additional information about erasing the computer and starting over can be found on document CH000186.

Loose or Faulty IDE/EIDE hard disk drive cable

This issue has been known to be caused by a loose or fault IDE/EIDE cable. If the above recommendation does not resolve your issue and your computer hard disk drive is using an IDE or EIDE interface. Verify the computer hard disk drive cable is firmly connected by disconnected and reconnecting the cable.

If the issue continues it is also a possibility that the computer has a faulty cable, try replacing the hard disk drive cable with another cable and/or a new cable.

Additional information:

See our NTLDR dictionary definition for a complete definition on this term.